A statement of cash flow starts with the
bottom of your profit and loss statement the line that shows your net income.
Several adjustments are then made to that number, including reducing the income by
invoices recorded as income that have not yet been paid, adding back depreciation,
adjusting for bills that your business has not paid, and several other adjustments. I'm
not going to go into the details of the cash-flow statement a good accounting
program that does a P&L and a
balance sheet will also calculate this
statement for you.
If you've established a way to track
cash flow, then you can go on to organize and track 10 financials for your business.
That's a sizable list, but don't panic: As with profit and loss statements, you can take
advantage of software programs to automate tracking for many of the following:
- What are your assets? Yes, yes, we all know that assets are the things that a
business owns. Tracking your equipment, furniture, real estate and other holdings should
be easy.
But to have a true idea of the value of your business, you also have to track
changes in the value of those assets. More than one small business has found itself
located on a piece of land that's worth more than the business itself. (Yeah, we should
all have these problems.) Similarly, you also will want to track the declining value of
assets such as computers and office furniture.
- What are your liabilities? Again, on the face of it, this is easy
liabilities are what you owe. But what you owe isn't always as obvious as a bill from your
landlord. Payroll taxes are a liability that you might be able to put off on a monthly or
quarterly basis, depending on the size of your payroll. Loans are a clear liability, but
in repaying them you'll want to be able to track how much of a payment is applied against
principal and interest.
- What's it costing you to produce what you sell? If you're buying a finished item
for resale, this is relatively easy. It's trickier if you have to calculate all the
factors, such as labor, that go into manufacturing a product.
- What's it costing you to sell what you sell? Advertising, marketing, labor,
storage and the catchall category of overhead it's useful to know how much it costs
you getting a product out the door as well as what it costs you in creating it.
- What's your gross profit margin? This is calculated by dividing your total sales
into your gross profit. If your gross profit margin is staying consistent or trending
upward, you're probably on track in terms of adjusting your prices appropriately to
reflect changes in what you pay for what you sell or produce. Being able to track a
declining margin can give you a heads-up that you must adjust your prices or your costs.
In the worst cases, of course, your gross profit and your profit margin disappear
altogether. At that point, you'll be like the fellow who lost money on every sale but
figured he could make it up in volume. Don't go there.
- What's your debt-to-asset ratio? This ratio can let you know how much of the
stuff you have in your company is actually owned by someone else your lender.
Having this ratio climb can be a bad sign it can happen as part of a major
expansion, but it can also indicate that you're getting in over your head.
- What's the value of your accounts receivable? This is the money that you are
owed. Value of being able to track it: If accounts receivable are on the rise, you may be
getting a warning that the folks you sell to are starting to stumble. That's especially
true if your accounts receivable, as a percentage of total sales, are increasing.
- What's your average collection time on accounts receivable? This is probably one
of the most aggravating pieces of information for cash-strapped businesses, because it
tells you how many days you're acting as 'banker' for the people who owe you money. To
calculate it, you'll need to know your average daily sales and then divide that number
into your accounts receivable.
- What are your accounts payable? The flip side of accounts receivable. An increase
in your accounts payable may merely reflect a policy of taking a little longer to pay
bills, or of a larger amount of purchases overall. But an increase that hasn't been
planned or managed can be an internal warning that your company's financial strength is
waning.
- What's happening with your inventory? There are occasions, even in this
just-in-time business world, when building up a significant inventory can be a good thing.
If prices for items you sell or use in production are relatively low, putting some of your
money into inventory may make sense. Being able to track your inventory, and how long it
takes to be sold or turn over, can tell you whether business is increasing or slowing
down. It also tells you how much money that might be used for other payments or
investments is tied up in this unproductive asset.
Although tracking and knowing what's up with your cash flow is essential to your
business, don't be afraid to turn to professionals and outside services for help.
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